Female Writers Excluded
After WWII, many female writers emerged in Japan, but according to an authority I was told that the best literary writers include only males. So I said,
"Why are female writers excluded?"
"They didn't go to the war," a professional writer wearing a blue shirt said.
"Well, they didn't," I said, "but they experienced it waiting for men to come back."
"There was a talk if Sono Ayako should be included or not," he said.
"Why was she excluded?" I said.
The man pursed his lips and pulled up his blue sleeve. As we headed to a café after our meeting, I said to a man wearing a white shirt,
"How can you compare a literary value by the location of battle fields?"
"You should understand," he said, "the literary critics with authority created the list. It has literary merits."
"Were judges all males?" I said.
He walked fast saying nothing.
"How about Ariyoshi Sawako?" I said.
"Her books are for entertainment," he said in a louder voice.
Perhaps he is right. I used to read the books by both Ariyoshi Sawako and Sono Ayako long time ago. I want to reread my favorite Flannerly O'Connor's book someday for relearning her craft, but not theirs.
Last year, I had a similar conversation with the other writer group. The topic was the best long-novel writers in Japan. And the names of the list were all males. Shiba Ryotaro was in the list. I enjoyed reading his "Sakano ue no kumo" which was an eight volume novel. I wrote about it in my past blog. His sentences are quite often crude and abrupt, but I had easier time reading the events of the Russo Japanese War than studying a history text book. I wondered what the writers of the other group would say about Ariyoshi Sawako. I learned about Japanese history quite a bit from her books. They might say, perhaps, she didn't write an eight-volume novel. The both writer groups include more than a few women, but they made no comment on this issue.
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Mary Wilkinson says:
I wonder who ironed the
I wonder who ironed the shirts the men wore? Were they wearing ties? They sound absolutely horrendous!
Keiko Amano says:
Ironing out
Mary,
Exactly, you said it! Every time I encounter this kind of issues, women always retreat.
It’s their responsibility to respond and discuss. But they don’t.
And Yamazaki Toyoko is also a best-selling author. I liked her long novel “The Earth Children” based on a true story. It moved me. I cried so much reading the book. The literary authority says bad things on her works, but not on Shiba Ryotaro’s.
Mary Wilkinson says:
If I could I would turn the
If I could I would turn the iron gauge up to very hot - the result can be effective to say the least!
Keiko Amano says:
Mary, Thank you for your
Mary,
Thank you for your support. This is the reason why I'm a member of red room. I certainly cannot find people like you here easily.
Luciana Lhullier says:
Oh boy, those lists of best
Oh boy, those lists of best something... What I tell my students is , ok, here´s the Canon, and here´s is this "parallel universe" full of other great writers. The best ones are the ones who´ll make sense to you.
Every list has a criterion, and it´s important for students to know what that is. Sometimes the criterion is so ridiculous that the list loses its significance...I think the man´s silence when you figured out what that list was about says a lot. You go, Keiko! :-)
Keiko Amano says:
Luciana, I like your new
Luciana,
I like your new photo!
Yes, you made a great point. Next time if I happen to converse with them on the same subject, I’ll go into about genres and so on as you said. I couldn’t talk more than what I wrote on the blog because Japanese tend to avoid any conflict. But this is the conflict we should discuss further.
Long time ago, a Japanese male friend of mine said to me while we were arguing that he felt as if he were talking with an American woman. Well, what did he mean? Probably no women ever argued with him. That’s unlucky for him. To talk about important things like this issue, the only way is to discuss, and sometimes we can’t avoid some challenges. He didn’t realize, but it was triple insult: American women, me, and my mother because I came from her. Unfortunately most Japanese men are used to only agreeable women. So when I bring some obvious points, they look shaken. If I press more, they’ll be angry.
But I’m positive. I gave my red room address to a few women writers while we were chatting at the cafe. So by now, they are looking at this site. Next time I see them, probably at the end of September, I’ll translate this blog for them. I know they are interested in what an Irish, Brazilian, and American man and woman said about this blog.
Ron. Lavalette says:
when there's a war
When there's a war, everyone's in it whether they like it (or even know it) at all. Exclusion of serious consideration of any writer's work based on their non-combatant status is ludicrous.
Keiko Amano says:
Ron, Thank you for your
Ron,
Thank you for your comment. Coming from a male writer, I especially appreciate it because I will probably discuss this matter again, and I can mention to them what an American male writer responded to this.
Ivory Madison says:
wonderful new book you have to read, Keiko
I'm really delighted to see this conversation on Red Room. I recently heard a scholar of women writers on the radio, and she explained carefully that there is a huge difference between the authors who were considered talented and/or who were popular at the time...versus the authors whom the decidedly sexist historians later chose to be included in the canon as worthwhile. Her focus was on American authors, but I'm sure the same is true in Japan.
There's an article about the scholar, Princeton professor Elaine Showalter, and her book "A Jury of Her Peers" on salon.com that you can read here: http://www.salon.com/books/review/2009/02/24/elaine_showalter/index.html. If you get a chance to hear her interviewed, she's even more compelling than it seems from this review.
Of course, this is an issue regardless of industry and it persists. I saw an ad on the back of the Harvard Business Review this month advertising a prestigious business lecture forum that would include speakers such as Bill Clinton and Warren Buffet (I don't have it in front of me but I recall the names were of that caliber) and about a dozen CEOS and other succesful business leaders. On the list of about a dozen speakers there was just one woman. In 2009, I find this amazing that the organizers either didn't notice or didn't care that they were excluding the numerous qualified women who could have been invited to speak. My excitement about possibly attending turned to a familiar sadness. I remember having the same sadness when, as a child, I was reading the back cover of a book called something like "100 Greatest American Short Stories" and there was only one female name.
By the way, Ron, I really like your comment. I had a writing student once who said her Ivy League creative writing professor had told her that real literature can't be about women's experiences because real literature "is about fishing, which is really about war." What if women went fishing? Then what would it be about?
Anyway, thanks to everyone for having this conversation here!
Ivory Madison
CEO and founder, Red Room
Keiko Amano says:
Ivory, Thank you for your
Ivory,
Thank you for your response and information. I agree with your first paragraph. It's the same situation. But I'm disappointed to hear the similar situations in the U.S. How can it be?
Shiba Ryotaro is like a small god of historical novelists in Japan, and he has his own museum in Osaka. As I said before, I enjoyed reading his novels, but there are clearly pretty big problems in his books such as bias. Nobody seems to pay any attention, or if some people have noticed, they keep quiet. I think that is why those novels are not translated. Russians will get angry from volume one to eight. And one such obvious bias is that he mentions about Jacob Henry Schiff http://www.answers.com/topic/schiff-jacob-henry in only one or two sentences in his entire 8 volume novel. Because of it, I read a book about him and wrote a blog. Schiff helped Japan finance the Russo Japanese War, and without the raised money, the war could not have won. And of course, the novel focuses on how the war was won.
I see sad situations and attitudes sometimes. I try my best to make sure to respond at the time it occurs. So I appreciate Red Room to give me this opportunity to express my view and receive comments. I hope more people including Japanese see our comments.
Ellen R. Sheeley says:
Whether the list is of the
Whether the list is of the most successful writers or inventors or historical figures or businesspeople, one seldom sees more than a few token women mentioned. Maybe those who are good at both researching and writing need to begin to rewrite such lists with an eye toward greater accuracy and inclusion. There's no way men could so completely dominate those lists.
Ivory, I think I saw that ad, too, and I was completely disgusted. When I got my M.B.A. degree back in the early 1980s, there were only two women heading Fortune 500 companies. I thought that would change in my working lifetime because the excuse for this shameful situation was that too few women were qualified. So we went out and got qualified. Now we've put in decades of labor honing our skills. And today I think there are something like only six or seven women at the top of Fortune 500 companies. Even if one looks at corporate board service, we're not even close to parity. The qualifications excuse is gone, so I guess we're now left to conclude there is just flat-out discrimination. At the current rate of "progress," it will take generations to reach equality. Doesn't seem fast enough to me. We are squandering half the world's resources, and it's not as though everything is going smoothly under the male rule.
What I find especially interesting is that most tests of aptitude and intelligence consistently show that females demonstrate superiority over males in reading and writing. And yet, we can't even make lists of top writers. Hmmm. . .something's very wrong with this picture.
Keiko Amano says:
Need to rewrite the lists
Ellen,
I’m very surprised to read the following.
“most tests of aptitude and intelligence consistently show that females demonstrate superiority over males in reading and writing.”
I researched a bit today and found out that for the first time, women launched to produce “The Literature Collection of the Japanese Women” and they have published the first two volumes out of twelve. I borrowed the first vol. today from the central library. The volume one was published in 2007 and the volume two, in 2008. In the library, the book was not on a shelf, but in the storage, and not one review shows in Amazon. The works of five female novelists from about 1865 – 1920 are included in the volume one, but those names are completely unfamiliar to me.
According to a discussion by the producers of above book, thirty years ago, when “The Modern Japanese Literature Collection (143 volumes)” was published, the works of women writers was only 10%.
Ellen R. Sheeley says:
Yes, Keiko, I'm basing this
Yes, Keiko, I'm basing this on standardized tests given here in the U.S. (e.g., SAT, ACT, those given in grade school and high school). Females usually do better on the verbal portions, males on the mathematical. The brains are wired differently.
Keiko Amano says:
Ellen, Hmm, I don’t think
Ellen,
Hmm, I don’t think we have a marked difference in the similar tests in Japan. To make sure I asked but only two young women here. They confirmed my understanding, but I could be wrong. My method of research is inadequate! But more boys go to college and more boys major in math and science than girls, I believe. A Japanese friend of mine in Japan majored in law in 60s, and she was one of only two female students in her class, and most classes were all males, she said.
Because of this discussion, I read a few stories and one essay in the Japanese Women Literature Collection that was published in 2007. I’m amazed that those 1880 – 1920 stories are much more modern and forward-looking than I expected. I’m also amazed that they mastered English. One wrote in English, and another travelled the world, studied manufacturing in the U.S., came home, and established a factory. They were only about twenty when they wrote, but their knowledge and aspiration are impressive. I want to write a blog about them in future.
* Aberjhani says:
A lot of historical revision going on these days
Because recorded history as we currently know it has been documented for the most part by those in positions of power who wished to see that power and other interests preserved, it contains a lot of deficiencies when it comes to those who were oppressed due to gender, race, class, religion, etc. It's communications like this blog and anthologies like the one you noted that help fill some very important gaps.
When my Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (with Sandra L. West) was published in 2003, it was the first comprehensive volume on this period that not only coincides with the great Jazz Age of the 1920s but for many other reasons represents one of the most significant periods in American and African-American history. Since the encyclopedia's publication, dozens of volumes have expanded on the individual subjects addressed in it and many educators have utilized it to help them design courses on the subject. Perhaps with your input and that of others, something similar may happen in regard to the legacies of Japanese women writers.
Aberjhani
Founder of Creative Thinkers International
author of The American Poet Who Went Home Again
and Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (Facts on File)
Keiko Amano says:
bloggings and real-time situations
Aberjhani,
Yes, I see exciting revisions of history going on in Japan. And I often see further opportunities for experts to revise the lists and definitions. For those opportunities, I can write a blog and count on the opinions of my friends, children, and red-room members. But when I'm most unexpected, I encounter such chances with real people. With blogs, I can write and edit and delete and rewrite. But with real people, I often freeze and miss opportunities.
It seems I'm digressing from the subject of this blog, but underneath, I feel it is directly related to the unbalanced lists. For instance, the old argument I mentioned to Ellen was the result of the following. It was fifteen years ago. A Japanese male friend of mine who lives near the Atlantic Ocean said that he used to go fishing but not anymore. We're friends since twelve, and this is a phone conversation. He said he caught many fish and tried to give to his friends, but nobody wanted. One of the women he tried to give his fish told him, "If the fish are already cut and clean, I'd like to have them." He sounded disgusted as he said it. If someone tried to give me such whole fish, I probably felt the same way as the woman. If I said so, I might offend him, so I could not say it. So, I said to him,
"Why don't you release those fish back to the Atlantic Ocean? Then you can fish all you want."
"No way, I can't do such a wasteful thing."
"What did you do with the fish? Did you eat them all?"
"I feel like I'm talking with an American woman," he said.
To say the least, I felt disappointed in many levels with this remark. I fell quiet. It's been fifteen years since then, but I still find it difficult to speak truthfully in similar real-time situations. If I still can't, how I can expect the unbalanced lists to go balanced, I'm telling myself.
Thank you for reading.
Deborah Teramis Christian says:
Claiming authority
I've digressed with my own comments elswhere in this thread, but what you say here resonates with me.
I know that one reason I write online is because doing so affords me the time and mental space to collect my thoughts and muster my arguments and then address issues (or comments or topics) that concern me.
I often fail to have a ready reply to controversial or sensitive issues when I am talking to someone face to face. It often takes me a while to pinpoint exactly what is "wrong" with their claims so I can counter with my own argument. I also have to decide how comfortable I am (or am not) in taking a verbally assertive stance about something. Often it's just easier to let something go, especially if there is an emotional charge or risk to it.
Lately I've been experiencing this with my sister, of all people, who is ultra-conservative in her general outlook (I am not). She has been espousing ideological points lately that take as their basis statements and claims that are factually incorrect. Sometimes I feel like I am hearing a certain party's "talking points memos" being echoed in our conversations.
If she were a complete stranger (no personal emotional investment), I might say to statement X or Y, "That is simply not true." or, more bluntly,"If you do a little research, you'll find that's not so." But precisely because there is an emotional connection, and I am concerned with how she regards me, and with maintaining harmony between us, I find it very difficult to say "that's a bunch of baloney" face to face. However, I have been able to go off, marshal my facts that demonstrate what she just claimed is incorrect, and then can send that to her in email. (The ensuing discussions are sometimes enlightening, sometimes not, but we can say in writing what we are reluctant to say in person.)
Isn't that funny? There is a distance and buffer in the written word, plus it allows me to be very careful about framing my statements. I think there are some people who are very gifted at making making arguments verbally. I can do so as well, and have, but upon reflection this happens only when I feel comfortably secure in my authority about a subject.
Maybe something like that is the trick to challenging those lists you've talked about. I don't know that it is necessary to do it verbally: that is walking into an overtly confrontational exchange, because you know there are vested interests and biased persons already championing the way things are. But to have the courage of your convictions, and authoritative knowledge about the value in the works of women writers: this seems to me to be the kind of thing that an information campaign and written advocacy can successfully address. All the better because it buys you time and distance in which to marshal thoughts and respond to arguments.
So, maybe you don't have to speak truth in real-time situations. You just have to speak truth (or write it) in a way that it gets heard.
-Teramis
Keiko Amano says:
Teramis, I really
Teramis,
I really appreciate your comment on this. I often let go emotionally difficult issues, but this is not good. If I don't have opportunities to practice my diplomatic reaction, then I never acquire my skill to communicate. Yes, it is frustrating to find out that I still cannot communicate effectively with the people I know since we were young, and the people I care and love. I cannot act like an actress.
You're right when you said "you don't have to speak truth in real-time situations. You just have to speak truth (or write it) in a way that it gets heard." I think creating a novel is the best way. But each detail needs a novel! Right now, I need to write two long novels like "The Brothers Karamazov" to satisfy my communication gaps.
Thank you for taking time to write. I couldn't express well, but this is very important to me.
Keiko Amano
Deborah Teramis Christian says:
What an incredibly
What an incredibly frustrating cultural bias, and I can only imagine how many voices and rich stories from women have been quashed because of this attitude. I'm sure it permeates the publishing industry in Japan as well.
I went on a quest once to find good books (in English) by 20th century Japanese authors, and noticed at the time that all the titles I identified were by men. I wondered then where the women were. Apparently not represented at all.
Thanks for bringing this up, and mentioning some of the works by women you've found that inspired you. I wish more of this was avaialable in the US. (I am a Japanophile but alas, with no knowledge of Japanese.)
Do you think that new media (e-books, self-publishing and so on) is offering a route through which Japanese women can achieve publication and literary exposure?
Keiko Amano says:
Deborah, Probably about
Deborah,
Probably about ten years ago, I found in the Claremont library a book of a collection of Japanese women writers. It was translated and edited by two Japanese women in English. I think I saw "Princeton University" written at the back of the book. I think the book included some of the women from the 14 writers that appeared in "The Modern Japanese Writers Collection (143 volumes). I was surprised to find such book, so I read it although I could borrow Japanese books from the Little Tokyo library twice a month.
Even now when I research on the Web for Japanese writers, I see the lists of male writers. For instance, Donald Keene listed five important writers. They are all males. Foreigners always talk about Mishima and Tanizaki as though we have no other writers. But availability in English is a problem. It's really shame because Japanese language books are very creative. I'm reading Genji Monogatari and find it so interesting. I read some English translations of it, but the fun part is missing. So I hope I can fill the gaps through my blogs. I enjoy it. I can do this for the rest of my life.
I don't remember all, but Nogami Yaeko was one of the writers in the Princeton book I borrowed from Claremont. I was impressed with her short story. The story was about her renting of her room upstairs. A stranger comes to see the room, but the negotiation fails. The stranger says something so revealing in such a subtle but clear way as she leaves. That story must be my most favorite among the collection because I still remember. Nogami Yaeko's husband was also a writer, and he was a regular to the most famous writer Nastume Soseki's workshops. Natume Soseki is the father of modern Japanese writing. So her husband showed his wife's works to the most cerebrated Japanese writer and received his feedbacks. So the male connection helps women. The first story in "New Japanese Females Writers Collection" was also good. It's "Yabu no Uguisu" (Cuckoos in bushes) by Miyake Kaho. But the English evaluation I read on the web is not good. It's a very poor evaluation similar to the critics of Murasaki-shikibu's Genji Monogatari. I have to read the story one more time slowly, but the story is worldly, sophisticated, and enlightening. The language is rooted in Edottko (Tokyo born language) not like Nogami Yaeko whose root language is not. This is rare because most people in Tokyo are from outside. So, most people today wouldn't notice the difference especially in writing. What I want to say is that it is definitely not inferior to Nogami Yaeko's stories.
Today, we have many active women writers, and also minority writers. We have online sites for writers, too. One of them is e-booker. But you're right. Probably not enough stories have been translated yet. We have many literary awards, too. A month ago, a young Persian woman won a new comer award from Bungakukai. It is a prestigious literature award in Japan. She is one of very few foreigners who write in Japanese. That's really exciting. And last week, I read in newspapers that pieces of an eighth century Persian ceramic were found in Nara. I get very excited with this kind of news.
Thank you for taking time to comment on my blog.
Keiko Amano
Deborah Teramis Christian says:
And thanks for your detailed
And thanks for your detailed response, Keiko.
I'm making a note of the authors you mention, and hopefully I can find some of their works in used bookstores online. There's a surprisingly comprehensive selection available at www.abebooks.com, but a person needs to know what title or author she's looking for.
I haven't had a chance yet to read your earlier blog postings in detail, but if you are commenting on the Tale of Genji, I'll be sure to read everything you've written! I love that book, though of course only know it in English. It would be nice to see that through your eyes, and gain a better understanding of the nuances that have been lost in translation. That's fascinating what you say about Edottko. You must have a good ear for language and archaic forms, yourself.
Hm, it might be time for me to read Genji again, anyway. I've read that book, and also Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book. I love being transported back to an older time and different culture through their pages.
Nice to share these interests with you :)
regards,
-Teramis
(I go by my middle name.)
Keiko Amano says:
Teramis, That's great.
Teramis,
That's great. Readers can use the information also. Thank you.
Also Wendy Tokunaga and Eve Kushner are authors, and they are members in red room. They probably have more information on the Japanese literature in the U.S. than I do.
I'm far from an expert of Japanese literature or history, but because I didn't study much growing up, I'm trying to catch up right now. Listening to this kind of my comment, a Japanese friend of mine said, "You're lucky that you hadn't studied." She meant, therefore I'm enjoying it right now. I thought hers is a great point of view.
The Japanese culture and literature are like a huge treasure chest. Growing up, all of my family members often chatted about Japanese history and literature and recited classic poems. I liked the Beatles than their interest, but now I appreciate that experience very much. Besides, each of us has a different background, so the interpretation is unique. It is the most democratic enjoyment.
Keiko Amano
Keiko Amano says:
Teramis, Your name sounds
Teramis,
Your name sounds delicious like a famous Italian cake.
Thank you for the Web site. I didn't know.
Deborah Teramis Christian says:
used book sources
Abebooks is a collection of independent booksellers. My only complaint about them is that over the years, more and more book sellers are padding their shipping fees, building in a bottom-line profit margin with inflated handling charges. I've written about this here.
For that reason, my first go-to place these days is Better World books. Shipping is free on everything, their prices are competitive with abebooks, and they are a socially responsible business, giving a % of every purchase to literacy programs. Their selection is more limited than abe but far vaster than most book sellers, probably on a par with Powell's Books, but much cheaper. I do find it cost effective to check there first for books before looking elsewhere. Only when these options fail do I turn to amazon.
Gotta feed the home reference library, you know. ;)
-Teramis
Nina Schuyler says:
Your List
Keiko-san,
Thank you for this post. I'm wondering-- if you were to make a list of the top female Japanese writers, who would you select?
Nina
Keiko Amano says:
Mmmmm
Hi Nina,
This is very good question, but it’s difficult to reply. It depends on the period such as 1000 years ago like the Heian period, the Kamakura period, or early Meiji period and so on. And as I’ve been reading more, it gets harder to choose because I’m finding out more good stories that I didn’t know before, and the good stories I read before are not as good as what most people said they are. In turn, this is really making me think now. It’s a huge discovery for me.
Currently, I’m reading “Towazukatari.” The title means “Not asked but tell you.” It’s from the Kamakura period around 1200 -1300, and a memoir-type novel of a princess. She isn’t like Murasaki Shikibu. She tells us everything based on non-fiction, and her sentences are easier for me to read than Murasaki Shikibu’s. I am so excited. I love her!
April Chartrand says:
"Her books are for entertainment,"
"Her books are for entertainment." Oh really?
Gosh golly, that reminds me of how Zora Neale Hurston's writings (Ethnography approach) were dismissed by many of her male intellectuals who took offense to her work and language usage.
Keep writing from your soul,
April Martin Chartrand
Poetess, Fiberalchemist, and Artist